Since August , Juan Carlos has lived in self-exile from Spain over allegedly improper ties to business deals in Saudi Arabia.
His early life was dictated largely by the political concerns of his father and General Franco. He moved to Spain in to be educated there after his father persuaded Franco to allow it. He then joined the army, doing his officer training from to at the Military Academy of Zaragoza.
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He also had a younger brother, Alfonso. The Spanish Embassy in Portugal then issued the following official communiqué: [8]. Whilst His Highness Prince Alfonso was cleaning a revolver last evening with his brother, a shot was fired hitting his forehead and killing him in a few minutes. The accident took place at Alfonso had won a local junior golf tournament earlier in the day, then went to evening Mass and rushed up to the room to see Juan Carlos who had come home for the Easter holidays from military school.
Bernardo Arnoso, a Portuguese friend of Juan Carlos, also said that Juan Carlos had told him he had fired the pistol not knowing that it was loaded, [10] and adding that the bullet ricocheted off a wall, hitting Alfonso in the face. Helena Matheopoulos , a Greek author who spoke with Juan Carlos's sister Pilar , said that Alfonso had been out of the room and when he returned and pushed the door open, the door knocked Juan Carlos in the arm, causing him to fire the pistol.
After learning this news, his father Juan of Bourbon reportedly grabbed Juan Carlos by the neck and shouted at him angrily, "Swear to me that you didn't do it on purpose! Following a later declaration of María de las Mercedes , Paul Preston argues that the content of the former testimony implies that Juan Carlos had pointed the gun at Alfonso and, apparently not knowing that the gun was loaded, he had pulled the trigger. In —61, he studied law, international political economy and public finance at the University of Madrid.
She converted from Greek Orthodoxy to Roman Catholicism. They had three children: Elena b. The dictatorial regime of Francisco Franco came to power during the Spanish Civil War , which pitted a government of democrats, anarchists, socialists, and communists, supported by the Soviet Union and international volunteers, against a rebellion of conservatives, monarchists, nationalists, and fascists, supported by both Hitler and Mussolini, with the rebels ultimately winning. With Franco's increasing age, left-wing protests increased, while at the same time, the far right factions demanded the return of a hardline absolute monarchy.
Ultimately, Franco decided to skip a generation and name Juan de Borbón's son, Prince Juan Carlos, as his personal successor. Franco hoped the young prince could be groomed to take over the nation while still maintaining the ultraconservative and authoritarian nature of his regime. Juan Carlos met and consulted Franco many times while heir apparent and often took part in official and ceremonial state functions, standing alongside the dictator, much to the anger of hardline republicans and more moderate liberals, who hoped that Franco's death would bring in an era of reform.
During —, Juan Carlos publicly supported Franco's regime. Although Franco's health worsened during those years, whenever he did appear in public, from state dinners to military parades, it was in Juan Carlos's company. Juan Carlos continued to praise Franco and his government for the economic growth and positive changes in Spain. He also had secret conversations with his father over the telephone. Franco, for his part, remained largely oblivious to the prince's actions and denied allegations from his ministers and advisors that Juan Carlos was in any way disloyal to his vision of the regime.
During periods of Franco's temporary incapacity in and , Juan Carlos was acting head of state. On 30 October , Franco gave full control to Juan Carlos; he died three weeks later, on 20 November. In his address to the Cortes, Juan Carlos spoke of three factors: historical tradition, national laws, and the will of the people, and in so doing referred to a process dating back to the Civil War of — Juan Carlos's accession met with relatively little parliamentary opposition.
Some members of the Movimiento Nacional voted against recognising him, and more against the Law for Political Reform. But even most Movimiento members supported both measures. In July , Juan Carlos dismissed prime minister Carlos Arias Navarro , who had been attempting to continue Francoist policies in the face of the King's attempts at democratisation.
Further legitimacy was restored to Juan Carlos's position on 14 May , when his father whom many monarchists had recognized as the legitimate, exiled King of Spain during the Franco era formally renounced his claim to the throne and recognized his son as the sole head of the Spanish Royal House, transferring to him the historical heritage of the Spanish monarchy, thus making Juan Carlos both de facto and de jure king in the eyes of the traditional monarchists. The event represented a key endorsement of the monarchy from Spain's political left , who had been historically republican.
On 15 June , Spain held its first post-Franco democratic elections. In , the government promulgated a new constitution that acknowledged Juan Carlos as rightful heir of the Spanish dynasty and king; specifically, Title II, Section 57 asserted Juan Carlos's right to the throne of Spain by dynastic succession in the Bourbon tradition, as "the legitimate heir of the historic dynasty" rather than as the designated successor of Franco.
There was an attempted military coup, known as F , on 23 February , when the Cortes were seized by members of the Guardia Civil in the parliamentary chamber.
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During the coup, the King, wearing his uniform as Captain-General of the Armed Forces, gave a public television broadcast calling for unambiguous support for the legitimate democratic government. The broadcast is believed to have been a major factor in foiling the coup. The coup leaders had promised many of their potential supporters that they were acting in the King's name and with his approval, but were unable to demonstrate either, and the broadcast — coming just after midnight on the night of the coup — definitively showed the King's opposition to the coup makers.
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When Juan Carlos became king, Communist leader Santiago Carrillo nicknamed him Juan Carlos the Brief , predicting that the monarchy would soon be swept away with the other remnants of the Franco era. His administration helped consolidate Spanish democracy and thus maintained the stability of the nation. On paper, Juan Carlos retained fairly extensive reserve powers.
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He was the guardian of the Constitution and was responsible for ensuring that it was obeyed. In practice, since the passage of the Constitution and especially since , he took a mostly non-partisan and representative role, acting almost entirely on the advice of the government.
However, he commanded great moral authority as an essential symbol of the country's unity. Under the Constitution, the King has immunity from prosecution in matters relating to his official duties. Consequently, he exercised most of his powers through the ministers; his acts as King and not as a citizen were not valid unless countersigned by a minister, who became politically responsible for the act in question.
The honour of the royal family is specifically protected from insult by the Spanish Penal Code. Under this protection, Basque independentist Arnaldo Otegi [37] and cartoonists from El Jueves were tried and punished. The King gives an annual speech to the nation on Christmas Eve. He is the commander-in-chief of the Spanish armed forces. According to a poll in the newspaper El Mundo in November , Even so, the issue of the monarchy re-emerged on 28 September as photos of the king were burnt in public in Catalonia by small groups of protesters wanting the restoration of the Republic.
The King shortly afterwards left the hall when President Daniel Ortega of Nicaragua accused Spain of intervention in his country's elections and complained about some Spanish energy companies working in Nicaragua.
Juan Carlos I of Spain
In April , Juan Carlos faced criticism for an elephant-hunting trip in Botswana. Up until the Botswana elephant trip, Juan Carlos had enjoyed a high level of shielding from media scrutiny, described as "rare among Western leaders". Spanish news media speculated about the King's future in early , following public criticism over his taking an elephant hunting safari in Botswana and an embezzlement scandal involving his daughter Cristina, and her husband Iñaki Urdangarin.
The King's chief of staff denied in a briefing that the ' abdication option' was being considered. Later, the King delivered a televised address and announced that he would abdicate the throne in favour of the Prince of Asturias. The Spanish constitution at the time of the abdication did not grant an abdicated monarch the legal immunity of a head of state, [65] but the government changed the law to allow this.
The legislation stipulates that all outstanding legal matters relating to the former king be suspended and passed "immediately" to the supreme court. The Spanish press gave the announcement a broadly positive reception, but described the moment as an "institutional crisis" and "a very important moment in the history of democratic Spain". Catalan leader Artur Mas said that the news of the King's abdication would not slow down the process of independence for Catalonia.
British Prime Minister David Cameron stated: "I would like to use this opportunity to make a tribute to King Juan Carlos, who has done so much during his reign to aid the successful Spanish transition to democracy, and has been a great friend of the United Kingdom. The Spanish public also gave a broadly positive opinion not only of the abdication but of his reign as a whole.
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Overall, An overwhelming majority of Spaniards believed the new King, Felipe VI, would make a good monarch and more than three-quarters believed King Juan Carlos had been right to hand over the throne to his son. Juan Carlos continued to have a role as institutional representative.
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Recordings of the former King's alleged mistress Corinna zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn speaking with a former police chief were leaked to the press in mid The allegations drew demands for Juan Carlos to be investigated for corruption in early June Additionally, the statement announced that the former king would lose his public stipend from the State's General Budget. In June , the public prosecutor's office of the Spanish Supreme Court accepted to pursue investigation against Juan Carlos pertaining his role as facilitator in the Phase II of the high speed rail connecting Mecca and Medina, intending to delimitate the criminal relevance of the facts that took place after his abdication in June On 3 August , the Palace of Zarzuela announced Juan Carlos wished to relocate from Spain because of increased media press about his business dealings in Saudi Arabia and left a letter to his son saying so.
Juan Carlos is also the alleged father of Alberto Sola, born in Barcelona in , also of a woman born in Catalonia in , [] and of Ingrid Sartiau, a Belgian woman born in who has filed a paternity suit, [] but complete sovereign immunity prevented that suit prior to his abdication. In , Juan Carlos, a keen sailor, competed in the Dragon class event at the Olympic Games , finishing 15th.