Discrimination in employment regarding sexual orientation has been banned nationwide since Spain has been recognised as one of the most culturally liberal and LGBT-friendly countries in the world and LGBT culture has had a significant role in Spanish literature , music , cinema and other forms of entertainment as well as social issues and politics.
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Public opinion on homosexuality is noted by pollsters as being overwhelmingly positive, with a study conducted by the Pew Research Center in indicating that more than 88 percent of Spanish citizens accepted homosexuality, making it the most LGBT-friendly of the 39 countries polled. LGBT visibility has also increased in several layers of society such as the Guardia Civil , army, judicial, and clergy. However, in other areas such as sports, the LGBT community remains marginalised. In , Madrid hosted the annual Europride celebration and hosted WorldPride in The Romans brought, as with other aspects of their culture, their sexual morality to Spain.
Among the Romans, bisexuality seems to have been perceived as the ideal. Edward Gibbon mentions, of the first fifteen emperors, "Claudius was the only one whose taste in love was entirely correct" — the implication being that he was the only one not to take men or boys as lovers. Gibbon based this on Suetonius' factual statement that "He had a great passion for women, but had no interest in men.
They accused him of being dominated by these same women and wives, of being uxorious , and of being a womaniser. Marriages between men occurred during the early Roman Empire. These marriages were condemned by law in the Theodosian Code of Christian emperors Constantius and Constans on 16 December In a fictitious first person, he talks about anal and vaginal penetration, and about receiving fellatio from both men and women.
He also attests to adult men who played passive roles with other men.
He describes, for example, the case of an older man who played the passive role and let a younger slave occupy the active role. The first recorded marriage between two men occurred during the reign of Emperor Nero , who is reported to have married two other men on different occasions. Emperors who were universally praised and lauded by the Romans such as Hadrian and Trajan openly had male lovers, although it is not recorded whether or not they ever married their lovers. Hadrian's lover, Antinuous , received deification upon his death and numerous statues exist of him today, more than any other non-imperial person.
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Among the conservative upper Senatorial classes, status was more important than the person in any sexual relationship. Thus, Roman citizens could penetrate non-citizen males, plebeian or low class males, male slaves, boys, eunuchs and male prostitutes just as easily as young female slaves, concubines and female prostitutes. However, no upper class citizen would allow himself to be penetrated by another man, regardless of age or status. He would have to play the active role in any sexual relationship with a man. This morality was in fact used against Julius Caesar , whose allegedly passive sexual interactions with the King of Bithynia , Nicomedes , were commented everywhere in Rome.
In contrast to the Greeks, evidence for homosexual relationships between men of the same age exists for the Romans. These sources are diverse and include such things as the Roman novel Satyricon , graffiti and paintings found at Pompeii as well as inscriptions left on tombs and papyri found in Egypt. Generally speaking, however, a kind of pederasty not unlike the one that can be found among the Greeks was dominant in Rome. It is important to note, however, that even among straight relationships, men tended to marry women much younger than themselves, usually in their early teens.
Lesbianism was also known, [5] in two forms. Feminine women would have sex with adolescent girls: a kind of female pederasty, and masculine women followed male pursuits, including fighting, hunting and relationships with other women. Another example is Hadrian , [13] one of the Roman emperors born in Hispania , specifically in Italica Santiponce today.
He was emperor from to He had a famous young lover, Antinous , whom he deified and in whose honour he built the city of Antinoöpolis in Egypt after his death in the Nile. The first law against same-sex marriage was promulgated by the Christian emperors Constantius II and Constans.
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In the year , Christian emperors Valentinian II , Theodosius I and Arcadius declared homosexual sex to be illegal and those who were guilty of it were condemned to be burned alive in front of the public. As a result of this, Roman morality changed by the 4th century. For example, Ammianus Marcellinus harshly condemned the sexual behaviour of the Taifali , a tribe located between the Carpathian Mountains and the Black Sea which practiced the Greek-style pederasty. In , this law was expanded to include all passive homosexuals, in Justinian punished any homosexual act with castration and death by fire, and in this law became even more strict.
Three reasons have been given for this change of attitude. Procopius , historian at Justinian's court, considered that behind the laws were political motivations, as they allowed Justinian to destroy his enemies and confiscate their properties, and were hardly efficient stopping homosexuality between ordinary citizens. This phenomenon would be combined with the rising influence of Stoicism in the Empire. Until the year , there was no common doctrine about homosexuality in Christianity, [17] but it is the mistaken belief that Paul had already condemned it as contra natura , though he had no exegetical reason for doing so:.
And likewise also the men, leaving the natural use of the woman, burned in their lust one toward another; men with men working that which is unseemly, and receiving in themselves that recompence of their error which was meet. Bible King James. Romans Eventually, the Church Fathers created a literary corpus in which homosexuality and sex were condemned most energetically, fighting against a common practice in that epoch's society.
The Germanic peoples had little tolerance for both passive homosexuality and women, whom they considered on the same level as "imbeciles" and slaves, and glorified the warrior camaraderie between men. In the Early Middle Ages , attitudes toward homosexuality remained constant.
There are known cases of homosexual behaviour which did not receive punishment, even if they were not accepted. For example, King Clovis I on his baptism day confessed to having relationships with other men; or Alcuin , an Anglo-Saxon poet whose verses and letters contain homoerotism.
One of the first legal corpus that considered male homosexuality a crime in Europe was the Liber Iudiciorum or Lex Visigothorum. Within the term "castration" were included all sexual crimes considered unnatural , such as male homosexuality, anal sex heterosexual and homosexual and zoophilia.
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Lesbianism was considered sodomy only if it included phallic aids. It was King Chindasuinth — who dictated that the punishment for homosexuality should be castration. Such a harsh measure was unheard of in Visigoth laws, except for the cases of Jews practising circumcision. After being castrated, the culprit was given to the care of the local bishop, who would then banish him. If he was married, the marriage was declared void , the dowry was returned to the woman and any possessions distributed among his heirs. The Muslims who invaded and successfully conquered the peninsula in the early 8th century had a noticeably more open attitude to homosexuality than their Visigothic predecessors.
In the book Medieval Iberia: An Encyclopedia , Daniel Eisenberg describes homosexuality as "a key symbolic issue throughout the Middle Ages in Iberia", stating that in al-Andalus, homosexual pleasures were indulged in by the intellectual and political elite. There is significant evidence for this. Evidence can also be found in the repeated criticisms of Christians and especially the abundant poetry of homosexual nature.
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References to both pederasty and love between adult males have been found. Although homosexual practices were never officially condoned, prohibitions against them were rarely enforced, and usually there was not even a pretense of doing so. Sexual activity between men was not seen as a form of identity.
Very little is known about lesbian sexual activity during this period. This marked the Christian unification of the Iberian peninsula and the return of repressive Catholic morality. By the early sixteenth century, royal codes decreed death by burning for sodomy and was punished by civil authorities.
It fell under the jurisdiction of the Inquisition only in the territories of Aragon , when, in , Clement VII , in a papal brief, granted jurisdiction over sodomy to the Inquisition of Aragon, whether or not it was related to heresy. In Castile, cases of sodomy were not adjudicated, unless related to heresy.
The tribunal of Zaragoza distinguished itself for its severity in judging these offences: between and more than men accused of sodomy were prosecuted and at least 36 were executed; in total, between and there were trials and executions. In , Barcelona was annexed into the First French Empire and incorporated into the First French Empire as part of the department Montserrat later Bouches-de-l'Èbre—Montserrat , where it remained until it was returned to Spain in During that time same-sex sexual intercourse was legal in Barcelona.
In , the Kingdom of Spain's first penal code was adopted and same-sex sexual intercourse was legalised. In , under the dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera , the offense of "habitual homosexual acts" was recriminalised in Spain. In , same-sex sexual intercourse was again legalised in Spain. Legal reforms in and punished same-sex sexual intercourse as "scandalous public behavior. The text of the law declared that the measures "are not proper punishments, but mere security measures, set with a doubly preventive end, with the purpose of collective guarantee and the aspiration of correcting those subjects fallen to the lowest levels of morality.
This law is not intended to punish, but to correct and reform". However, the way the law was applied was clearly punitive and arbitrary: police would often use the vagrancy laws against suspected political dissenters, using homosexuality actual or perceived as a way to go around the judicial guarantees.
However, in other cases, the harassment of gay, bisexual and transgender people was clearly directed at their sexual mores, and homosexuals mostly men were sent to special prisons called galerías de invertidos "galleries of inverts". Thousands of homosexual men and women were jailed, put in camps, or locked up in mental institutions under Franco's dictatorship , which lasted for 36 years until his death in Some gay activists deplored the fact that reparations were not made until However, in the s, a clandestine gay scene began to emerge in Barcelona , and in the countercultural centers of Ibiza and Sitges a town in the province of Barcelona, Catalonia , that remains a highly popular gay tourist destination.